TOURNAMENTS AND PROCEDURE TO DRAW FIXTURES KNOCK-OUT TOURNAMENT Tournament is a series of matches organised to find out the best team in ...
TOURNAMENTS AND PROCEDURE TO DRAW FIXTURES
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| KNOCK-OUT TOURNAMENT |
Tournament is a series of matches organised to find out the best team in a particular sport. These are organised at inter-school, zonal, district, state, national and international levels.
Objectives of Tournament Tournaments are organised to achieve the following objectives:
1. To find out the best team/player.
2. To provide a platform to sportspersons to showcase their talent.
3 To nurture feelings of friendship and fraternity between members of different teams
4. To improve the companionship between the sportspersons.
5. To learn new skills, techniques and styles.
6. To select players/teams who would proceed to the next level of competition.
7. To provide a source of recreation for the spectators.
8. To help propagate sports and games.
9. To develop integration and harmony at various levels
10. To develop social aspect of students and players.
Types of Tournaments
There are many types of tournaments that can be conducted for individual competitors and teams. The selection of the type of tournament or competition would depend an the number of participants, the time and facilities available as well aas the adjective organising the tournament. Various types of tournaments that can be organized for individual or teams are:-
A. Knock-cut of Elimination tournament
B League or Round robin tournament
C. Consolation tournament
D. Combination tournament
- Knock-out cum Knock-out
- Knock-out cum League
- League cum League
- League cum Knock-out
E. Challenge Tournament
A. Knock-out Tournament
When a large number of contestants or teams take part in a tournament and the winning, has to be chosen within a short period of time, then a knock-out or elimination tournament is conducted. In this type of tournament, al] the contestants are eliminatory until only one winner is left at the end. The team which is defeated once gets eliminated No second chance is given to the defeated team. This type of tournament's usually organised in tennis, badminton, basketball, etc.
For example, knock-out tournament fixture for four teams is carried out in the following manner:-
In the given example, Teams 1 and 3 are eliminated in the Ist round. Team 2 is defeated by Team 4 in the second or final round. So, Team 4 is the winning tam.
Merits of Knock-out Tournament
The merits of knock-out tournament are as follows:
1. Less time is required to conduct this type of tournaments.
2. Less expenditure is incurred to conduct such tournaments.
3. A few officials are required to supervise and organise the tournaments
4. Since there is no second chance after losing a match, every team player puts m he best efforts.
5. Very lee wastage of time in this type of tournament because if a team brews cr game, it is out of the tournament
6. Lew requirement of arranging accomodation or other types of facilities for team since a team which has lost one game doesn't need to be Accomodated the day.
Demerits of Knock-out Tournament
The demerits of knock-out tournament are as follows.
1. Half of the competitors are eliminated from the tournament after thew first contest.
2. The final winning individual or team may not be the best because a single defeat of a good contestant or team eliminates the contestant or team.
3. The defeated finalist or the runner-up may not necessarily be the second best,
because a better individual or team in the tournament may be eliminated before the finals.
4. Sometimes, good teams or individuals are eliminated in the first or second rounds because teams or individuals of equal calibre are placed in the same half or quarter
5. Teams/players are unable to perform their best because they are under pressure m such type of a tournament. They want to be the winner by any means.
6. Mediocre level teams/individuals normally avoid participating because they know the end result.
7. Teams get very limited number of matches to play. Hence, knock-out tournaments are not very popular.
In spite of the mentioned disadvantages, knock-out tournaments are held for various sports because in such tournaments, the winner is selected quickly. Moreover, this type of tournament is interesting from the spectators’ point of view and is easy to conduct with limited resources in spite of a large number of entries.
Fixtures of Knock-out Tournaments
Fixture: It is the process of making pairs of teams to organise matches in a tournament. The classification of fixture is based on the type of tournament. For example:
- Fixture of knock-out tournament
- Fixture of consolation tournament
- Fixture of league tournament
- Fixture of combination tournament
- Fixture of challenge tournament
Before preparing fixtures for knock-out tournament consider the following
- The total number of teams participating.
- Method of dividing teams in each half.
- The number of team in each half or quarter.
- The number of byes given and their distribution
- The total number of rounds and matches.
When the number of players or teams who are competing is in a power of two, i.e., 2, 4, 8, 16, etc., we arrange the teams of contestants in two halves. The positions in the draw are numbered. Each player of teams (say, teams A to H; 8 teams) take position according to the draw of lots.
When the number of entries or teams in a tournament is not a power of two, then we have to arrange the draw in such a way that only four players or teams are left in the semi-final round. For this purpose, we have to give ‘Byes’ in the first round. Apart from this, we have to resort to ‘Seeding’ in the draw to make the competition keen and interesting.
PROCEDURE TO DRAW FIXTURES IN KNOCK-OUT TOURNAMENT
Before learning the method of drawing fixture in a knock-out tournament, let us understand the terms—seeding and byes.
(a) Seeding: To make the contest keen and interesting and to keep the tournament alive till the end, we resort to seeding. Seeding is a method employed to keep the players or teams which are ranked or reputed on account of their previous performances, in separate halves or brackets. If they stay in the same half or bracket, they are kept as apart as possible, so that they do not meet in the early rounds of the tournament. If there are two seeded entries, then the top seed is placed at the top of the upper half and the second seed is placed at the bottom of the lower half. if four entries are seeded, then the third seeded entry should be placed at the top of the lower half and the fourth seeded entry should be at the bottom of the upper half. If byes are to be given, the seeded players or teams should get them in the order of their ranking or seeding.
(b) Byes: Bye is the privilege given to a team in the first round. The team which s given a bye enters the second round without playing the first round. When the number of entries in a knock-out tournament is not a power of two, we have t give byes to the teams so that only four teams are left in the semi-finals. All the byes have to be given in the first round because a rest in the beginning does not give any advantage to a player or team. The number of byes should be mm such a way that the remaining number of contestants should be in the power at two I.e. 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, etc. To arrive at the number of byes required, we subtract the number of contestants (say 11) from the next higher power of two (in this case 16) Difference between the total number of teams and the highest even number is 16 11. 5 So find byes will be given. Byes should be distributed equally or as equally as possible between the upper and the lower halves
Method of Preparing Fixture in knock-out Tournament
(i) Method of deciding number of matches
In a knock-out tournament, the number of matches are calculated by the following formula:
Total number of matches = n = 1 (Here, n = total number of teams)
10 teams are participating in the tournament, then the total number of matches will be 10 - 1 = 9. Thus, in this tournament, 9 matches are played in all Similarly, if 13 teams are participating in a knock-out tournament, then total number of matches will be 13 = 1, i.e., 12.
(ii) Method of dividing teams in each half
If the number of teams is even (divisible by 2), there will be equal number of teams m upper and lower halves.
If the number of teams is odd, the teams will be divided as per the following formula.
No. of teams in upper half = n+1/2
(where n = total no. of teams)
No. of teams in lower half = n-1/2
(where n = total no. of teams)
Example: If there are 13 teams participating in a tournament, how will you divide the teams in upper and lower halves?
Solution: Total number of teams = 13
No. of teams in upper half = n+1/2=13+1/2
=14/2= 7 Teams
No. of teams in lower half _ =n-1/2=13-1/2
=12- 2 = 6 teams
(iii) Method of distributing (giving) byes in teams
If the total number of teams are not in power of two (i.e., 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, ...) then to find the number of byes, we subtract the number of participating teams (say number of teams is 10) from the next power of 2 (in this case, 16). Thus, for 10 teams. the number of required byes will be, 16 - 10 = 6 . Byes should be divided equally in upper and lower half. If the number of byes in upper and lower half is:
Number of byes in lower half = nb-1/2
(nb= no. of byes)
Number of byes in upper half = nb+1/2
Example 1: If there are 5 byes in a match, how will you divide them into upper and lower half?
Solution: Number of byes in lower half = nb-1/2
=5-1/2 =4/2= 2 byes.
Number of byes in upper half = nb+1/2
=5+1/2 =6/2= 3 byes.
The number of teams is divided into two halves and then byes are given in the following manner:-
i. The last team of Lower half gets the Ist bye.
2. The first team of Upper half gets the IInd bye.
3. The first team of Lower half gets the IIrd bye.
4. The last team of Upper half gets the [Vth bye.
If there are more than 4 byes the above mentioned order will be followed.
Example 2: If there are 13 teams participating in a tournament, how will you calculate the number of byes and draw fixture?
Solution: Number of matches = 13 - 1 = 12
Number of teams in upper half = (N+1)/2 = 13+1/2= 14/2 =7
Number of teams in lower half = (N-1)/2 = 13-1/2= 12/2 =6 ,
Total number of teams = 13 ?
Next power of 2 = 16, or (2 x 2 x 2 x 2) Total number of byes = Next power of 2-n
= 16 - 13 = 3 byes
As calculated above, the number of byes = 3, in case of 13 teams.
(iv) Method of deciding number of rounds in a knock-out tournament.
The number of rounds will be equal to the power of two required to equal or exceed the number of entries. For example, if 8 teams are participating in the tournament the number of rounds will be (2 x 2 x 2 = 23), i.e, 3 rounds.
If the number of team is not in the power of two, then the number of rounds are the next highest power of two. For example, if 13 teams are participating in the tournament, the next power of 2 is 16. Hence, the number of rounds will be (2 «x 2 « 2x 2 = 2) i.e., 4 rounds or the power of 2.
(v) Method of deciding number of teams in each quarter.
It depends upon the number of teams taking part in the tournament. Normally we divide the total number of teams in two halves, i.e., upper half and lower half It entries are more (say 2 40), then we divide all the teams into two halves and then both the halves are again divided into two halves. Hence, the upper half will consist of two quarters, i.e. , Ist and 2nd quarters. Similarly, the lower half too will consist of two quarters, i.e. IIIrd and IVth quarters. For deciding number of teams in each quarter the same formula will be applied again.
The Ist and IIIrd quarters will get the number Of teams = n+1/2 (n= number of teams in that half). The IInd and IVth quarter with get the number teams = n-1/2
(n= number of teams in the half)
Note: If the number of teams in upper and lower halves are in even number then » will be equally divided into both quarters. If the number of teams in both the halves are in odd number then the number of teams in upper half = n+1/2 and in lower half = n-1/2.
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