TYPES OF DISORDERS, THEIR CAUSES AND NATURE Disorder may be physical, physiological or mental. Some of them have been described below: 1 A...
TYPES OF DISORDERS, THEIR CAUSES AND NATURE
Disorder may be physical, physiological or mental. Some of them have been described below:
1 Attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
2. Sensory processing disorder (SPD)
3. Oppositional deficient disorder (ODD)
4 Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
5. Autism
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| Pills needed for the treatment |
1 Attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) :
This is a behavioural disorder It is characterised by inattentive mind, hyperactivity and impulsiveness. The disorder is most common among children. If not treated timely, then it might lead severe consequences. This disorder is more common in males than females.
Symptoms of ADHD include:
(i) Flickering mind that means the individual changes from one activity to the frequently He she is unable to focus or pay attention to one task.
(ii) Difficulty in following instructions
(iii) Difficulty in learning something new
(iv) Lack of concentration; easily distracted
(v) Unable to sit quietly continuously in motion
(vi) Extremely impatient
(vii) Throwing things, running violently, creating nuisance, etc.
causes of ADHD:
(i) Genetic: ADHD is a genetic disorder If one parent or both the parents are suffering from ADHD, then their children are most likely to inherit this disorder The genetic characteristics tend to pass on from one generation to another.
(ii) Improper prenatal care: ln cases where the mother has had a difficult pregnancy or the child is born prematurely or born with a very low weight, there is a high risk that the child will be affected with ADHD.
(iii) Head injury: If a child has suffered any injury in the frontal lobe of his / her brain, i.e. the area which controls the impulses and emotions, the chances of having ADHD increase.
Management of ADHD:
(i) Counselling: Counselling sessions and therapies are beneficial for people suffering from ADHD. Such sessions enable them to talk freely and deal with their problems. This session is also useful for the parents of the affected person as it provides them with suitable remedies to deal with such people.
(ii) Behaviour therapy: Behaviour therapy helps the people suffering with ADHD to control their symptoms and behave in a better way. Such therapies are carried out by the parents with the support of the professional therapist. It helps to improve the person’s behaviour at home, school or workplace. For example, parents can encourage their children to behave in a certain manner and then reward them for their good behaviour.
(iii) Lifestyle changes: Adopting changes in lifestyle can prove to be effective in the treatment of ADHD. Lifestyle changes such as doing physical activities regularly for at least one hour, proper intake of water, reduced intake of sugar or sweetened drinks, getting adequate amount of sleep, etc. may be helpful.
(iv) Medical treatment: Various types of medications may be prescribed for the treatment of ADHD. These medicines help to control the symptoms of the disorder However, medicines should not be taken without consulting a specialist
2. Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD):
This disorder is also called sensory integration dysfunction It is a neurological disorder in which response to sensory Informations are Not expressed properly Sensory processing & the process in which the nervous system receives messages from sensory organs and responds accordingly.
Symptoms of SPD:
(i) Affects one or multiple senses of an individual, like hearing, touch or taste.
(ii) Poor coordination and body balance
(ii) Oversensitive to sound or odour
(iv) The person does not respond to extreme heat, cold or pain.
(v) The person may be oversensitive or undersensitive to certain situations,
Causes of SPD:
(i) Genette factors: SPD may be inherited by children from thew parents who from autism.
(ii) Birth complications: Improper prenatal care or complications during the bard the child, like lack of oxygen supply to the child’s brain, low birth weight, improper development, etc. may be responsible for this disorder.
(iii) Environmental factors: The living conditions of the children are an important factor for their proper growth and development. Childhood falls, injury & upper neck or brainstem region and improper “development put children » high risk of having SPD.
Management of SPD:
(1) Occupational therapy: Therapy sessions conducted by an occupational therapist are designed to help people with sensory issues. It helps to regulate their sensory processes and enables them to concentrate. Activities like jumping on a trampoline, rolling or bouncing on huge balls, etc. are adopted by the therapists to treat people with this type of disorder.
(2) Sensory stimulation through lifestyle changes: The parents of the children with SPD can incorporate various activities into their schedule that will her stimulate their senses. Some examples are drinking cold water, using a vibra toothbrush, pushing grocery cart, carrying weights up the stairs, etc.
3 Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD):
ODD is a type of mental disorder in which the individual opposes others, becomes angry, irritable and argues for anything and everything. In other words, his / her behaviour becomes defiant.
Symptoms of ODD:
(i) Frequent outbursts of anger and resentment
(ii) Repeated temper tantrums
(iii) Not complying or actively refusing to accept requests or rules
(iv) Acting in a way to annoy others
(v) Being spiteful and seeking revenge
(vi) Tendency to blame others
(vii) Feeling of frustration and annoyance
Causes of ODD: The causes of ODD are not known clearly. However, combination of the following can cause ODD.
(i) Genetic: Impairment in areas of the brain that are responsible for judgement, reasoning and control of impulses contribute to ODD. Similarly, neurobiological differences, i.e., the way brain and the nerves work, may also lead to development of ODD.
(ii) Biological: If the family has a history of mental illnesses, like ADHD, the nek of developing ODD increases.
(iii) Environmental factors: Factors like disturbed family life, abuse, neglect, harsh discipline, etc. can also be responsible for ODD.
Management of ODD:
(i) Counselling: Counselling sessions help the individuals suffering from ODD to effectively deal with their problems. They learn to express themselves freely and control their anger and impulse. This helps them to conduct themselves positively and effectively, and develop problem solving skills.
(ii) Family Therapy: Family therapy focuses on strengthening the bond between the members of the family. They are advised to keep the atmosphere happy and exchange good thoughts with each other. They are also encouraged to solve problems mutually.
(iii) Social Skills Training: This training is focussed on developing social and interpersonal skills so that the person can build strong personal relationships and communicate effectively with peers.
(iv) Medication: There are no scientifically proven medicines to cure ODD. Medications are generally used for co-existing disorders. However, medications should not be taken without consulting a medical practitioner.
4. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD):
As per Dorland’s Medical Dictionary OCD is an anxiety disorder characterised by recurrent obsessions or compulsions, which are severe enough to interfere significantly with personal or social functioning Some examples of OCD are excessive washing of hands, checking repeatedly @ the door is locked or not, compulsive counting, arranging things in order, etc. Symptoms of OCD:
(i) Doing, or checking things repeatedly. Persons with OCD are not able to control their activities or thoughts and feel the urge to perform compulsive rituals.
(ii) Cannot focus on specific matters
(iii) Consider their own thoughts to be unpleasant and embarrassing.
Causes of OCD:
(i) Genetic factors: Researchers have found that the child has higher risk of developing OCD , if any parent has suffered from OCD in the part.
(ii) Neurological factors: Improper functioning of neurotransmitters, responsible, transmission of information from one cell of the brain to the other, may responsible for this disorder. The brain of the people suffering from disorder functions differently.
(iii) Environmental factors: Physical or mental torture, sudden changes in conditions, the sudden loss of someone dear or illness, etc may be responsible for this disorder.
Management of OCD:
(i) Counselling or therapy: Such sessions enable the people suffering from OCD get over their fears or obsession. They are able to control their thoughts m better way.
(ii) Medication: Different psychiatric medicines may be prescribed to help reduce the symptoms of OCD, depending upon the severity of the disorder. It is not advisable to take any medication without consulting a specialist.
5. ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder):
Autism or Autism Spectrum Disorder refers to a range of conditions including social problems such as communicating and interacting, repetitive behaviours and challenges in verbal and non-verbal communication. Autism disrupts the person’s ability to function normally in life, be it socially, at school/work or any other area. The symptoms of autism can be recognized within 1-3 years of age. While autism has many challenges, people with autism may also have their unique strengths. For example, they may have above average intelligence, be excellent at Mathematics, Science or Arts and be strong visual and auditory learners.
Symptoms of autism:
(i) Inability to express their needs, emotions and experiences.
(ii) Cannot develop friendly or social relations with other.
(iii) Repeat words, phrases or actions
(iv) Usually do not express their interests and behave in a recursive manner.
(v) Sensitive to smell, taste and sound.
Causes of autism: The exact causes of autism are unknown, but some of the primary causes may be:
(i) Genetic: This is one of the main causes of development of ASD in children. & a sibling or parent has autism spectrum disorder, a person is more likely t develop this disorder.
(ii) Other disorder: More than 10% of children with autism also have other forms of genetic disorder such as Down syndrome.
(iii) Brain development may be one of the causes.
Management of Autism: Autism has no cure. However difficulties associated with it can be reduced.
Medication: Doctors may provide medication to treat problems associated with the autism such as aggression, irritability, hyperactivity, anxiety, depression etc.
Behavioural Therapy: Providing Behavioural therapy to children with autism is very beneficial. Therapists help in developing learning, social, and communication skills in the children.
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